Damian Sendler recognizes that disasters are mostly unpredictable, which leaves the victims in a state of shock. The victims tend to deny the loss and try to escape from reality. Being in a denial state makes the victims more vulnerable to stress, anxiety, and other different maladaptive reactions. A home is a place that provides safety and security to the people. But, when the unavoidable situations induced by disaster, damage home, properties other valuable assets, it leads to a feeling of insecurity in the victims. Death of a closed one also leaves the victim in a state of insecurity because the sense of love, attachment, and belongingness is deprived. There were various factors which lead to the psychological vulnerabilities of the sufferers such as the displacement of the family, death of a loved one, socio-economic loss, environmental loss, and lack of mental preparedness for disaster, disruption in the family bond, lack of social support and negative coping skills
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Violence, disasters, accidents, and war are also stressful events for the community. Consequently, the impact of traumatic events goes beyond those who are directly exposed to the event and affects close relationships, the social environment, and the society at large. A human being does not live in a vacuum. Others surround him or her. And those others will be confronted with the traumatic event and its aftermath too. This holds for an event that struck an individual, such as rape. Others hear about the event, perceive the suffering of the victims, and must cope with the implications. Naturally, it holds also true for events that struck a large group of people. For instance, a disaster undermines the social fabric of a community. It can lead to the dissolution of social networks and forced or voluntary migration. Regarding the health care system, it can lead to a disruption of the provision of social services and an erosion of the health care infrastructure.
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On the other hand, the social environment can stimulate recovery after trauma. The perception of social support is an influential factor for the effects of traumatic events on the individual as well as the community. For instance, studies undertaken after disasters have shown that social support had a significant stress-buffering effect on post-traumatic problems. Furthermore, a comprehensive meta-analysis has shown that lack of social support systems and lack of sharing of emotions are substantial risk factors for mental health disturbances.
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